Glossary


	Corporate Info \| News \| Solutions \| Products \| Partners \| Services \| Events \| Download \| How To Buy
	e-docs.bea.com \| Site Map \| Search \| PDF Files \| Contact \| Glossary

Tuxedo Doc Home

To navigate through the glossary, click a letter in the glossary index, or use the Page Down key, the Page Up key, the arrow keys, or the scroll bar. Please contact us if you encounter a relevant term that was not defined in this glossary.

abort

Terminate a transaction so that all protected resources, such as database records, have the same value they had at the beginning of the transaction.

Access Control List (ACL)

A BEA Tuxedo security feature that controls client access to services by means of lists of clients that are authorized to receive specific services. When ACL security is being used, the BEA Tuxedo system checks the appropriate list whenever a client requests a service, to determine whether the client is authorized to access the service.

access machine

The processor within the administrative domain of an application at which a client first accesses the system. For a native client, this is the processor on which it is running. For a workstation client, this is the site at which it contacts the application.

ACID properties

The essential characteristics of transaction processing systems include the following:

Atomicity, which requires that all changes made by a transaction to a database are made permanent, or else all are nullified.
Consistency, which defines the success of a transaction as the transformation of a database from one valid state to another.
Isolation, which requires that changes made by a transaction to a database must not be visible to other operations until the transaction completes its work.
Durability, which guarantees that changes made by a transaction to a database survive future system or media failures.

ACL

See Access Control List (ACL).

activate

To move a server from the inactive (unavailable) state to the state in which it is up and running (active).

active server

A BEA Tuxedo server that is either processing a service request or is available to do so.

ADE

See application development environment (ADE)

administrative API

An Application Programming Interface that uses the BEA Tuxedo ATMI for the purpose of configuring and controlling an application. It is sometimes referred to as the MIB.

See also application programming interface (API) and Management Information Base (MIB).

administrative domain

That portion of an application that is actively administered at run time by a BBL process. It does not include workstations or host processors.

administrator

The person who installs the BEA Tuxedo system, configures and monitors a BEA Tuxedo application, and updates application information (such as computer names and locations).

advertised

A service is advertised when a service table entry exists for it in the BEA Tuxedo Bulletin Board. When a Domains gateway server is booted, it advertises all the remote services that it is importing from remote domains in the Bulletin Board of the local domain (that is, the domain on which the gateway server is booted). After a remote service is advertised by a domain gateway server, it remains advertised until either an unadvertise command is issued or a MIB request removes the service.

AEQ

See application entity qualifier (AEQ).

AET

See application entity title (AET).

allocation

The assignment of various types of programs and record categories for system storage locations, such as main storage or disk storage.

alternate facility

In distributed transaction programming, a session that a transaction obtains by means of an ALLOCATE command.

alternate remote domain

A remote domain that is used when a primary remote domain is unavailable.

AP

See application program (AP).

API

See application programming interface (API).

applet

An interactive Java program that can be run via a Web page displayed by a Java-capable browser. An applet enhances the Web page's display or enables the user to complete a task.

application

A set of one or more local or remote clients that communicate with one or more servers residing on one or more machines running one or more business applications. Each application comprises the servers, services, and associated resource managers defined by a single configuration file (TUXCONFIG). One BEA Tuxedo application can communicate with another BEA Tuxedo application through a domain gateway group.

application association

The association between a process and a BEA Tuxedo application (domain). A multicontexted process may have associations with multiple BEA Tuxedo domains. It may also have multiple associations with the same domain.

application context

A reference to a particular application association. In the BEA Tuxedo system, an application context is set via an explicit call and is then used implicitly by subsequent ATMI calls. Thus, in an implicit context interface, the terms application context and default context are often used interchangeably.

application context name (ACN)

A set of rules that govern associations between application entities.

application development environment (ADE)

A set of tools (often presented or accessed via a GUI) to help programmers build applications.

application entity

A set of software components that make up a distributed transaction processing application on one computer system.

application entity qualifier (AEQ)

The locally unique component of a title that is used to identify an OSI TP application entity.

application entity title (AET)

The globally unique component of the title that is used to identify an OSI TP application entity.

application framework

The software that provides the infrastructure that makes it possible for sets of applications or other software components to work together.

application program (AP)

A single instance of a user program that performs one or more specific tasks. An AP defines transaction boundaries and accesses resources within those boundaries; it interacts with other system components using interfaces specified in the X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing model. An AP is a single thread of control involved in, at most, one global transaction at any time.

application programming interface (API)

1) The functions and environment that exist at the application level to support a particular system software product. 2) A set of code that enables a developer to initiate and complete client/server requests within an application. 3) A set of calling conventions that define how to invoke a service. A set of well-defined programming interfaces (entry points, calling parameters, and return values) by which one software program utilizes the services of another.

Application-to-Transaction Monitor Interface (ATMI)

The Application-to-Transaction Monitor Interface is the application programming interface to the BEA Tuxedo system. It includes transaction routines, message handling routines, service interface routines, and buffer management routines.

architecture

1) A hardware and software platform (for example, SPARC/Solaris, Intel Pentium/Windows NT, or Intel Pentium/Linux). 2) The structure and interrelationship of components in a system or in an environment.

asynchronous

An event that occurs at a time that is unrelated to the time at which another event occurs. The two events are mutually asynchronous. The relationship between the times at which they occur is unpredictable.

asynchronous connections

Virtual circuits set up to execute independently of each other, that is, asynchronously. An asynchronous connection does not block the processing of working circuits while attempts are being made to reconnect failed circuits. The BRIDGE allows the use of nonfailing network paths by listening and transferring data using multiple network address endpoints.

asynchronous process

A process that executes independently of another process. When a request is processed asynchronously, the client application continues to perform other operations while it waits for the service request to be filled.

asynchronous request

A request that lets the client do other work while the request is being processed, enhancing parallelism within an application.

ATMI

See Application-to-Transaction Monitor Interface (ATMI).

auditing

A security mechanism that involves saving a secure, tamper-resistant record of requested system operations, along with the identity of the requesting party.

audit trail

A manual or computerized means for tracing the transactions affecting the contents of a record.

authentication

The validation process used by the server to identify an entity, such as a user or a process, before allowing that user or process to join an application. This process relies on the use of passwords and other security mechanisms.

authorization

The process of determining what an entity, such as a user or a process, is allowed to access.

autoinstall

A method of creating and installing terminal definitions dynamically as terminals log on, and deleting them at logoff.

auto-spawning

The creation, by a BEA Tuxedo application server, of new threads to handle messages as they are received. The number of new threads that can be created is restricted by a configurable limit.

availability

Features of transaction processing systems that contribute to the smooth, continued systems operation in the presence of failures.

backup: The act of a resource manager in using a log to restore resources to some predetermined state by applying log entries sequentially to the resource until the desired state has been achieved.
BBL: See Bulletin Board Liaison (BBL).
BEA Administration Console: A graphical user interface for the administration of BEA Tuxedo applications, that is accessed through a Web browser.
BEA Transaction Processing: See transaction processing (TP).
BEA Tuxedo application: A business program, built around the BEA Tuxedo system, that is defined and controlled by a single BEA Tuxedo configuration file. Such an application may comprise one or more clients (local or remote), one or more servers, and one or more machines. Multiple BEA Tuxedo applications can communicate with each other through a domain gateway group.
BEA Tuxedo client: A program that invokes operations to talk to BEA Tuxedo servers. Remote and native clients are the same. Their requests are handled differently and transparently, depending on whether the client is located on a machine that is running in the BEA Tuxedo domain. BEA Tuxedo native clients are always co-located with the BEA Tuxedo domain in the same machine.; See also client.
BEA Tuxedo domain: A BEA Tuxedo domain consists of a BEA Tuxedo application running one or more business applications. A single domain is defined in one configuration file and is administered as a single entity. A domain can be connected to other BEA Tuxedo domains through the Domains feature.; See also domain, TUXCONFIG file, and UBBCONFIG file.
BEA Tuxedo Domains: A BEA Tuxedo component that extends the BEA Tuxedo system client/server model to provide transaction interoperability across TP domains. This extension preserves the client/server model and the ATMI interface by making access to services on a remote domain (and service requests from a remote domain) transparent to both the application programmer and user.
BEA Tuxedo server: A program that performs a task requested of it by a client application.; See also server.
BEA Tuxedo system: A robust e-commerce platform from BEA Systems, Inc. for developing and deploying business-critical client/server applications. It handles distributed transaction processing, application messaging, and the full complement of services necessary to build and run enterprise-wide applications.
bitmap: In temporary storage, a control block used by intrapartition transient data to show the VSAM control intervals that have been used and are available. It is updated whenever a control interval or track is assigned to or released from a destination.
blocking: The process of combining two or more records into one block.
blocking mode: A synchronous style of message delivery, where a program must wait for an action to complete before the program can proceed. Contrast with nonblocking mode.
BRIDGE: The BEA Tuxedo system process that maintains virtual circuits to other nodes participating in an application for the purpose of transferring application messages between the nodes.
broadcast: To send the same message to every node on a network.
broker: A system-level entity whose role is to maintain subscriptions and to cause subscribers' actions to occur when events are posted.
buffer types: An abstract name for a message type. BEA Tuxedo provides predefined types for message communication: FML, VIEW, STRING, CARRAY, and XML. These buffer types are transparently encoded and decoded across a network of heterogeneous machines. Applications can define additional types.
Bulletin Board: A collection of shared data structures designed to keep track of a running BEA Tuxedo system application. It contains information about servers, services, clients, and transactions pertaining to a BEA Tuxedo application. The Bulletin Board is replicated on each logical native (non-foreign) machine in the application.
Bulletin Board Liaison (BBL): A BEA Tuxedo administrative process responsible for maintaining a copy of the Bulletin Board on a particular processor. When the system is running, one BBL process runs continuously on each logical machine in the application.
byte: A sequence of eight adjacent bits that are operated on as a unit.

C++: An object-oriented programming language developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s. C++ is a "hybrid" language based on the non-object-oriented C language.
cache: A subset of memory that contains copies of the frequently accessed parts of a larger memory.
CARRAY buffer: A data structure that is an array of characters any of which can be the null character. The interpretation of the array is entirely application dependent.
catalog: See message catalog.
CCR: The Commitment, Concurrency, and Recovery OSI standard.
Certification Authority (CA): A well-known and trusted entity that issues public-key certificates. A Certification Authority attests to a user's real-world identity, much as a Notary Public does so.
channel: A functional unit, controlled by a processor, that handles the transfer of data between the processor and local input/output devices.
cipher: In cryptography, a coding system used to create encrypted messages.
ciphertext: In cryptography, text that is encrypted.
class library: A set of client programming tools. These tools can be used in a Java program or Web page-embeddable Java applet.
client: A process that generates service requests (that are sent to servers by the BEA Tuxedo system) and receives the servers' responses (which are handled by the BEA Tuxedo system). If the client is located on a machine that is part of the relevant BEA Tuxedo domain (that is, the domain to which the target servers belong), then the client is called a "native client." If the client is located on a machine that is outside that domain, then the client is called a "remote client" or a "Workstation client." (Remote clients communicate with servers through the BEA Tuxedo Workstation component.); See also domain and server.
client naming: A BEA Tuxedo feature that enables client programs to carry both user names and client name values.
client program: Source code for a client.; See also client.
client/server computing: A programming model in which application programs are structured as clients or servers to achieve distributed processing. A client program is an application program that requests services to be performed. A server program is an entity that dispatches service routines to satisfy requests from client programs. A service routine is an application program module that performs one or more specific functions on behalf of client programs.; Client/server computing can be configured in a 2-tier or a 3-tier structure. A 2-tier configuration consists of only the client and the server. A 3-tier configuration includes a client, a server, and an intermediate level that acts as a router or a broker.
closed framework: A software infrastructure in which developers cannot remove and replace software components easily in a "plug-and-play" fashion.
command-line interface: A style of user interface that allows user interaction by entering commands at a system prompt.
commit: 1) Complete a transaction so that changes are recorded and stable. Protected resources are released. 2) The declaration or process of making a transaction's updates and messages visible to other transactions. When a transaction commits, all its effects become public and durable. After commitment, the effects of a transaction cannot be reversed automatically.
compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM): A disk from which data is read optically by laser and on which the data cannot be modified except under special conditions.
component: Part of an application.
concurrency: The simultaneous execution of more than one function or process.
concurrent: Pertaining to the occurrence of two or more activities within a given interval of time. Concurrent processes can alternately use shared common resources.
configuration: The set of hardware, hardware options, software, and software setup on a computer or on a network.
configuration set: The name or the number used to reference a particular configuration in a configuration partition. Each configuration set describes the services to be used when the configuration is active.
configure: To customize hardware and software for a computer or for a network.
connection: A half-duplex communication channel between processes.
connection-oriented communication: Communication between two BEA Tuxedo system processes over a connection.
consistent state: A condition in which shared data is correct and valid.
conversation: A dialog over a connection.
conversational: Communication characterized by one or more messages exchanged by a requestor and a server such that the server remains dedicated to the communication until the termination of the exchange.
conversational communication: See conversational.
conversational server: A server that offers services that require a connection to have a conversation with the requester. The conversation follows an application-established protocol. A conversational service must conform to the startup and termination rules of BEA Tuxedo system services.
conversational service: A service routine that is invoked by means of conversational communication from a client program. When the connection is established and the service is invoked, the client and service exchange data in a manner specific to the application. When the service returns, the connection ends.
cryptography: The art of protecting information by transforming it (encrypting it) into an unreadable format, called ciphertext. Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (or decrypt) the message into plaintext.
CSI: The API for the BEA TOP END system.
current context: Clients may initialize to multiple contexts; however, at any given time, in any particular thread, only one of these contexts may be the current context.

daemon

A system process that runs in the background.

daisy chain

In intercommunication, the chain of sessions that results when a system requests a resource in a remote system, and the remote system discovers that the resource is in a third system and in turn makes a remote request.

DASD

See Direct Access Storage Device (DASD).

database

A collection of interrelated or independent data items stored together without redundancy to serve one or more applications.

DataBase2 (DB2)

IBM relational database.

database management system (DBMS)

A program or set of programs that lets users structure and manipulate the data in the tables of a database. A DBMS ensures privacy, recovery, and integrity of data in a multi-user environment.

data-dependent routing

1) Routing that directs a request to be processed by a particular group based on the value in a data field of the message. 2) A mechanism in the BEA Tuxedo system in which a service request is mapped to a specific server group based on a value contained in a designated field in the data buffer.

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

A symmetric key algorithm adopted by the U.S. government in 1976 as a standard encryption-decryption system for unclassified data in the United States. Several types of DES are offered, including DES-CBC and two-key triple-DES.

DES-CBC is a 64-bit block cipher run in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode. It provides 56-bit keys; 8 parity bits are stripped from the full 64-bit key.
Two-key triple-DES is a 128-bit block cipher run in Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) mode. Two-key triple-DES provides two 56-bit keys (in effect, a 112-bit key).

data independence

The ability to request data by a high-level data-management method without concern as to how the data is stored or retrieved.

data transfer protocol

A set of rules for transforming data of a particular buffer type from one representation into another.

DB2

See DataBase2 (DB2).

DBBL

See Distinguished Bulletin Board Liaison (DBBL).

DBMS

See database management system (DBMS).

DDE

See Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE).

DDE conversation

The sending and receiving of DDE messages between a client application and a server application.

deadlock

1) Unresolved contention for the use of a resource. 2) An error condition in which processing cannot continue because each of the two elements of the process is waiting for an action or a response from the other.

decoding

The conversion of encoded data back to the native format.

See also encoding.

decryption

The process of restoring encrypted data to its original form.

default

The value assumed by a program if a value is not supplied by the user.

default context

A BEA Tuxedo application association that is referenced by subsequent ATMI calls if tpsetctxt() is not called. The default context may differ from thread to thread. This term is often used interchangeably with application context.

deferred synchronous communication

A form of asynchronous communication in which one piece of software can send a message to another piece of software, and then continue to work and retrieve the reply to the message at some later time.

deployment

The process of placing an application in a distributed environment and making the application available for use. Deployment can include such tasks as installation, configuration, and administration of various parts of the application.

DES

See Data Encryption Standard (DES).

design document

The document written by the system integrator that explains the overall design of the application or the framework to be built.

design pattern

A document that encapsulates, in a structured format, solutions to design problems. Design patterns are guides to good design practices.

dialog

A process of sending and receiving information.

digital certificate

An electronic file used to identify individuals and resources over networks such as the Internet. A digital certificate securely binds the identity of an individual or resource, as verified by a trusted third party known as a Certification Authority, to a particular public key. Because no two public keys are ever identical, a public key can be used to identify its owner.

BEA Tuxedo public key security recognizes certificates that comply with X.509 Version 3.

digital signature

A digital code that can be attached to an electronically transmitted message that uniquely identifies the sender. Like a written signature, the purpose of a digital signature is to ensure that a message is genuine, that it has arrived exactly as it was sent, and that it comes from the stated source.

Digital signatures are especially important for electronic commerce and are a key component of most authentication schemes. The recipient of signed data can use a digital signature to prove to a third party that the signature was, in fact, generated by the signatory. When such proof is provided, the signed data is protected by nonrepudiation: the signatory cannot, at a later time, deny authorship of the signature.

digital signature algorithm

An algorithm that transforms a message of any length to a digital signature in such a way that it is computationally infeasible to (1) find two messages with the same digital signature, (2) produce a message from a given, predetermined digital signature, or (3) find the digital signature of a given message without knowledge of the sender's private key. Typically, a digital signature algorithm is implemented by computing a message digest on the message, then encrypting the message digest with the sender's private key.

An example of a digital signature algorithm is DSA.

Direct Access Storage Device (DASD)

A disk, disk drive, or group of disks or drives on an IBM machine.

Distinguished Bulletin Board Liaison (DBBL)

A BEA Tuxedo administrative process that runs on the MASTER node of the application and communicates with BBLs to coordinate updates to the Bulletin Board.

distributed application

An application that is separated into two or more parts (such as a client and a server) on different computers that communicate through a network.

distributed computing

An application design and implementation strategy that separates an application into units that are executed on different computers and communicate through a network. For example, an application can be separated into three distributed units: a user interface unit, a processing unit, and a storage unit.

distributed transaction

A transaction involving multiple transaction managers. In a distributed transaction environment, a client application may send requests to several servers resulting in resource updates at multiple resource managers. To complete the transaction, the transaction manager for each participant (client, servers, and resource managers) must be polled to coordinate the commit process for each participant within its domain.

distributed transaction processing (DTP)

A form of processing in which multiple application programs update multiple resources (such as databases) in a coordinated manner. Programs and resources can reside on one or more computers access a network.

DLL

See dynamic link libraries (DLL).

domain

See BEA Tuxedo domain. See also application and UBBCONFIG file.

domain gateway

A highly asynchronous multitasking server provided by the BEA Tuxedo system to process service requests to and from remote domains. The gateway makes access to services on a remote domain (and service requests from a remote domain) transparent to both the application programmer and the user.

Domains-level failback

The restoration of message traffic to a primary remote domain. The TDomain gateway always tries to use the primary domain or the highest-level alternate remote domain defined for a service. When these domains become unavailable (due to circuit failure or other reasons), the gateway transfers message traffic to a lower-priority alternate remote domain, and periodically checks the availability of the primary remote domain and the highest-level alternate remote domain. When possible, the gateway restores message traffic to the primary remote domain or the highest-level remote domain.

Domains-level failover

The transfer of message traffic to an alternate remote domain when a primary remote domain fails.

dotted-decimal notation

A convention for expressing IP addresses, consisting of a series of four decimal numbers (0-255), separated by periods. Example: 123.205.23.99.

DSA

Digital Signature Algorithm. An algorithm used to generate digital signatures. DSA is defined in US FIPS 186.

DTP

See distributed transaction processing (DTP).

dynamic argument

A type of argument for which a method can allocate or extend the existing storage.

Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)

A form of communication available on Microsoft Windows, Windows NT, Windows 95, and OS/2 platforms that allows applications to exchange information through a series of messages. Two applications sending and responding to DDE messages are said to have a DDE conversation.

dynamic datatype

A datatype whose memory size is not known when the code is compiled; a dynamic datatype's memory size is known only when the code is executed.

dynamic link libraries (DLL)

A collection of functions grouped into a load module that is dynamically linked with an executable program at run time for a Windows or OS/2 application.

electronic commerce

The practice of buying and selling goods and services over the Internet.

encoding

The conversion of architecture-specific data into a format that can be transmitted between different architectures, such as XDR encoding.

encryption

A process used to scramble access codes to secure data from forgery or to prevent unauthorized access.

encryption

The process of algorithmically scrambling data to prevent (or hinder) unauthorized disclosure, while still preserving access to the original data by authorized users. To read an encrypted file, the recipient must have access to a secret key or password that enables the recipient to decrypt it. Unencrypted data is called plaintext; encrypted data is referred to as ciphertext.

environment variable

A string of specific value that controls a certain attribute of an application. Environment variables are made available to the application as it begins.

event

An indication to a BEA Tuxedo system process of the occurrence of a particular state or condition, for example, disconnection, transaction request mode, connection request, and so forth.

Event Broker/Monitor

A BEA Tuxedo system component that monitors the occurrence of defined system and application events and notifies subscribers when an event is detected.

event posting

Notification by the BEA Tuxedo system (or by an application) to the Event Broker/Monitor that a defined event has occurred.

event subscription

A request made to the Event Broker/Monitor to be notified when a specific event is detected.

extensibility

The ease with which a system adapts to meet new requirements. Extensibility also includes the ability to add or change a function or data (data type, file format, database schema, or information model) without:

Requiring changes to existing functions, data, and interfaces
Introducing unwanted side effects, such as degradation of performance, reliability, maintainability, portability, and so on

External Data Representation (XDR)

A canonical data format defined by SUN Microsystems and used to transfer data between heterogeneous hardware nodes.

failback: Restoration of message traffic to a higher-priority circuit. The BRIDGE process always tries to use the highest-priority circuit defined for the node; when traffic is flowing on a lower-priority circuit, whether due to circuit failure or just non-availability, the BRIDGE periodically checks higher-priority circuits to find one that is usable. When a higher priority circuit becomes available again, the data flow is returned to it. This mechanism is called "failback."
failover: Seamless transfer of message traffic to a lower-priority circuit on the occasion of the failure of a higher-priority circuit.; Some operating system and hardware bundles transparently detect a problem on one network card and replace it with another. When this replacement is done quickly, application-level TCP virtual circuits have no indication that a fault has occurred.; In the BEA Tuxedo system, data flows over the highest available priority circuit. If all network groups have the same priority, data travels over all networks simultaneously. If all circuits at the current priority fail, data is sent over the next lower priority circuit. This is called "failover."
field manipulation language (FML): A set of C language functions for defining and manipulating storage structures called field buffers. Cooperating processes can send and receive data in fielded buffers.
field table: A file that consists of FML field names and their identifiers. The field table enables users to refer to fields by logical names rather than by system field identifiers.
FML: See field manipulation language (FML).
FML buffer: A buffer of self-describing data items accessed through the field manipulation language API.
foreign access path: A physical connection between a native BEA Tuxedo system node and a foreign node. At least one gateway server must reside on the BEA Tuxedo node.
foreign node: A node in the network that does not have access to the configuration's Bulletin Board, or that cannot execute the full complement of BEA Tuxedo system software.; See also field manipulation language (FML).
format independence: The ability to send data to a device without having to be concerned with the format in which the data is displayed. The same data may appear in different formats on different devices.
framework: The software environment tailored to the needs of a specific domain. Frameworks include a collection of software components that programmers use to build applications for the domain the framework addresses. Frameworks can contain specialized APIs, services, and tools, which reduce the knowledge a user or programmer needs to accomplish a specific task.

gateway: For the BEA Tuxedo system, any communication mechanism between different environments (for example, between native and foreign nodes). A software program that allows dissimilar systems to communicate and exchange information. A gateway normally handles communication between systems and performs all necessary protocol translation such that the end applications communicate transparently.
gateway group: A collection of processes that provide communication services to and from remote domains. The group consists of the following: GWADM, the gateway administrative server, and a gateway process, for example, GWTDOMAIN.
gateway server: A server process, resident on a native BEA Tuxedo system node, that communicates with one or more foreign machines.
global transaction: 1) A transaction that spans one or more resource managers comprising local transactions. The Transaction Manager name for a transaction that uses multiple servers or multiple resource manager interfaces and is coordinated as an atomic unit of work. 2) The BEA Tuxedo name for a transaction that uses multiple servers or multiple resource manager interfaces and is coordinated as an atomic unit of work.
Global Transaction Identifier (GTRID): A data structure, the value of which uniquely identifies a global transaction.
graphical user interface (GUI): A high-level interface that uses windows and menus with graphic symbols instead of typed system commands to provide an interactive environment for a user. The BEA Administration Console, available through the World Wide Web, enables an authorized user to configure and control a BEA Tuxedo application.
group: A collection of servers or services on a machine, often associated with a resource manager. A group is an administrative unit used for booting, shutting down, and migrating servers and services.
GUI: See graphical user interface (GUI).

handler: A request that originates on a remote computer. Handlers are registered in the local BEA Tuxedo Bulletin Board as client programs.; See also Workstation Handler (WSH).
hierarchical database: A database organized in the form of a tree structure that predetermines the access paths to data stored in the database. DL/I, IMS, and SQL/DS are hierarchical database managers.
hierarchy: In a database, a tree of segments beginning with the root and proceeding downward to dependent segment types. No segment type can be dependent on more than one other segment type.
high-level language: A programming language.
host: A computer that is attached to a network and provides services other than acting as a communication switch.
host computer: The primary or controlling computer in a data communication system.
hypertext markup language (HTML): The language used for writing pages for the World Wide Web.

inactive server: A server that is not currently available to process requests.
incoming connection: A connection to the local gateway that is initiated by a domain gateway on a remote domain.
information hiding: A software design technique in which a piece of code contains only the information it needs to do its job.
infrastructure: A common underlying computing base. The infrastructure is a set of components (fundamental services) that support another higher-level set of components in a given system. The higher-level components are typically more directly associated with providing the specific function of the overall system.
integration: The ability of applications to share information or to process independently by requesting services and satisfying service requests. In a well-integrated system, all of the parts have a purpose, and the parts combine effectively to achieve the purpose of the overall system.
interaction model: A description of how the clients and servers in a distributed application or application framework work with each other.
interactive: Pertaining to an application in which each entry entails a response from a system or program, as in an inquiry system or airline reservation system. An interactive system may also be conversational, implying a continuous dialog between the user and the system.
interactive interface: A system facility that controls how different users see and work with the system by means of user profiles. When signing on, the interactive interface makes available those parts of the system authorized by the profile. The interactive interface has sets of selection and data entry panels through which users communicate with the system.
internationalization: A mechanism that allows customization of a system's text messages and data formats into an application's language and format of choice.
International Standards Organization (ISO): An international organization whose membership includes standards and research groups from various nations. ISO establishes standards for computer network communications and many other technologies.
Internet: The world's largest network, the Internet is based on the TCP/IP protocol suite and is universally accessible.
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address): A numeric value that uniquely identifies a node in a TCP/IP network. IP addresses are usually expressed in "dotted decimal notation," a series of four decimal numbers (0-255), separated by periods. Example: 123.205.23.99.
interoperability: The ability to exchange requests between entities.
intranet: A set of internal company or group-specific networks protected by firewalls and connected by IP routers. An intranet appears to its users as a single network.
IP Address: See Internet Protocol Address (IP Address).
ISO: See International Standards Organization (ISO).

journaling: The recording of information in any journal (including the system log) for possible subsequent processing by the user. The primary purpose of journaling is to enable forward recovery of the data sets. A data set can be reconstructed by applying transactions in the journal against a previous version of the data set. Journaling can be used for any other user-defined purpose, such as auditing, accounting, or performance analysis.

Kerberos protocol: The private key authentication protocol developed as part of Project Athena at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Kerberos security: The security system that provides authentication, mutual authentication, and protection against replay and sequencing attacks.
keyword: 1) A symbol that identifies a parameter. 2) A part of a command operand that consists of a specific character string.

LAN: See Local Area Network (LAN).
LAN partition: The failure of a LAN connecting the machines of an application, resulting in a loss of message communication between the machines. A partitioned site is one that no longer has access to the master node.
lazy connection: A connection between a domain gateway and a remote domain that is not established until the remote domain receives a request for a remote service. A lazy connection keeps initialization overhead low for configurations involving many domains.; When a domain gateway server is booted, no connections are made to any remote domains. All remote services are assumed to be available and are advertised in the BEA Tuxedo Bulletin Board. When the first request for a service in a particular remote domain is made, the gateway server receives the request and tries to establish the connection. If the connection is made, the request flows to the remote domain and the connection remains active. If the connection fails, the client receives a failure message and the service remains advertised.
LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. A set of protocols for accessing information directories. LDAP is based on the standards contained within the X.500 standard, but is significantly simpler. And unlike X.500, LDAP supports TCP/IP, which is necessary for any type of Internet access. Because it is a simpler version of X.500, LDAP is sometimes called "X.500-lite."
legacy application: An existing application that needs to be modified or wrapped so that it can gain access to a BEA Tuxedo domain.; See also domain.
link-level encryption (LLE): The encryption of messages moving over network links. Encryption is performed just before date is transmitted on the network, and decryption is performed just after data is received.; LLE operates over Workstation client, domain gateway, bridge, and administrative network links. It employs a symmetric key encryption technique (specifically, RC4), which uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
link-level failover in Domains: Link-level failover is a mechanism that ensures that an alternate network link becomes active when a primary link fails.
listener: See Workstation Listener (WSL).
LMID: See logical machine ID (LMID).
load balancing: The practice of distributing service requests among all the servers in a given domain to achieve the most efficient handling of those requests. Specifically, the system identifies the server currently doing the smallest amount of work and sends requests to that server's queue for processing.; When a service request is routed to a domain gateway, the gateway implements two algorithms, a load-balancing algorithm and a data-dependent routing algorithm, to find the proper remote domains to which the request should be sent. Load-balancing and data-dependent routing algorithms are based on the remote service table entries and remote domain table entries in the gateway shared memory.
local: In data communication, pertaining to devices that are accessed directly (that is, without use of a telecommunication line).
local application names: The DDE Listener uses the application name supplied in the DDE Initiate message to determine if the client is looking for a local or a remote DDE application. The syntax for a local DDE application includes only the name of the application. For example, if the client is looking for Microsoft Excel on the local computer, the application name would be EXCEL.
Local Area Network (LAN): A high-speed network that spans a limited distance, such as a building or a cluster of buildings. LANs can be connected to wide area networks (WANs) with bridge devices.
local domain: View of an application (that is, a subset of the application's services) that is available to other domains. Because a local domain is always represented by a domain gateway group, the terms are used interchangeably.
local gateway: A specific gateway group (for example, GWADM and GWTDOMAIN) within a local BEA Tuxedo application. Multiple local gateways may be running within a single BEA Tuxedo application.
local node: The computer that is connected to a user's workstation.
local service: A service of a local domain that is available to remote domains through a domain gateway group.
local system: In a multisystem environment, the system on which an application program is being executed. A local application can process data from databases located on either the same (local) system or another (remote) system.
local transaction: A local resource manager transaction that is active on behalf of a global transaction.
location transparency: The ability to define a resource so that its name implies no specific network address or physical location.
log file: A message file that describes events that occur during an operation. Log files are updated frequently during an operation and are useful for tracing system operations and errors.
logical machine ID (LMID): The logical name assigned (in the configuration file) to a processing element used in a transaction manager application.

makefile: A file, referenced by the make command, that tells the make command how to create each of the files needed to generate a complete program. The makefile contains a list of source files, object files, and dependency information.
managed object: An entity (such as a process, a piece of hardware, or system performance) that is defined in the MIB and is controlled by a management device.
Management Information Base (MIB): A BEA Tuxedo system component that provides a complete definition of the classes and their attributes that make up the BEA Tuxedo system. The BEA Tuxedo System Management Information Base comprises a generic MIB and a specific MIB for each major component, such as Domains and Workstation. Configuration and administration of the BEA Tuxedo system can be done programmatically by using the ATMI to set or change the value of an attribute.
mapping: The process of associating local values or entities with values or entities that are meaningful on remote systems.
master node: The MASTER node for an application as designated in the RESOURCES section of the configuration file. It contains the master copy of the TUXCONFIG binary configuration file. Administration of the running system is done from the MASTER node.
MD5: Message Digest 5. An algorithm defined in RFC 1321 that takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit message digest, or hash value, of the input. The MD5 algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be compressed in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private key under a public-key cryptosystem such as PKCS.
message: Data that contains information and/or instructions for the recipient.; See also request.
message catalog: With respect to internationalization, a file or storage area containing program messages, command prompts, and responses to prompts for a particular native language, territory, and codeset.
message digest: The representation of text in the form of a single string of digits, created with a formula called a one-way hash function. Encrypting a message digest with a private key creates a digital signature, which is an electronic means of authentication.
message digest algorithm: A method of reducing a message of any length to a string of a fixed length, called the message digest or hash value. Message digest algorithms have the property that it is computationally infeasible to find a mess